Source: the Military Lovers
The 2S6 Tunguska (Western reporting name SA-19 or Grison) is a Russian low-level air-defense system. Also known as 2K22M1, 2S6M, 9K22, SA-19 Grison and Tunguska-M1, was developed to replace the ZSU-23-4 Shilka self-propelled anti-aircraft gun and 9K31 Strela-1 and Strela-1M2 mobile surface-to-air missile systems. The ZSU-23-4 had no early warning and struggled to counter new ground attack aircraft, such as the US A-10 Thunderbolt II.
The original Tunguska was fitted with 9M311 missiles. These have a semi-active radar guidance and blast fragmentation warhead. There is a laser proximity fuse which triggers the warhead once the missile is near its. These missiles can engage targets traveling at speeds up to 500 m/s. Maximum altitude is only 3.5 km, while maximum range is 8 km. The 9M311 missiles are effective against low-flying aircraft and helicopters. These have a hit probability of 65%, while hit probability with guns is 80%. The 9M311-1 is a downgraded export version of the missile. The Tunguska is able to fire its guns on the move, however it must be stationary to fire missiles. The Tunguska typically launches its missiles when the target is at longer ranges, and uses guns at shorter ranges. Radar detection range of the original Tunguska is 17-18 km and tracking range is 11-16 km. Since its introduction no less than four different variants of search radars were used. Armor of the Tunguska protects the crew against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. Though it will not withstand heavy machine gun fire. Vehicle is fitted with automatic fire suppression and NBC protection systems.
Powered by a version of the V-46 diesel, a multi-fuel engine, developing 780 hp. Vehicle has a hydropneumatic suspension with adjustable ground clearance, fitted with auxiliary gas turbine power unit, which powers all systems when the main engine is shut down. Battery of Tunguskas includes six 2S6 combat vehicles, six reloading vehicles, and five various technical assistance vehicles, including repair and maintenance vehicles, mobile workshop and missile test vehicles. A battery of Tunguskas can automatically receive fire control information from Ranzhir mobile command center.The dual 2A38 30 mm cannons and the later 2A38M were designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company. The cannons are fired alternatively with a combined rate of fire of between 3,900 and 5,000 rounds per minute (1,950 to 2,500 rpm for each gun), and have a muzzle velocity of 960 m/s. Bursts of between 83 and 250 rounds are fired as determined by the target type, with an engagement range between 0.2 and 4.0 km and to an altitude of 4 km. Specifications : 9M311 Type Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin Soviet Union In service 1982–present Used by Belarus, India, Morocco, Myanmar, Russia, former Soviet Union, Ukraine Designer KBP Instrument Design Bureau Designed 1970–1980 Manufacturer KBP Instrument Design Bureau Produced 1976–present Variants 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1, 57E6 Warhead Continuous-rod and steel cubes Warhead weight 9 kg Detonation mechanism Laser fuze (Radio fuze 9M311-M1) Propellant Solid-fuel rocket Operational range 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) (10 kilometres (6.2 mi) 9M311-M1) Flight altitude 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) Guidance system Radio Command SACLOS Accuracy 5 m Launch platform 2S6 combat vehicle Crew 4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator)
